अभिक्रमित अध्ययन

vfHkØfer v/;;u ladYiuk vFkZ çdkj o rs r;kj djr vlrkauk f’k{kdkph Hkwfedk-

      vfHkØfer v/;;u ladYiuk] vFkZ% okLrfod gh dYiuk vxnh lkWØsfVliklwu pkyr vkysyh lkWØsfVl T;kosGh vkiY;k f’k”;kauk vFkok fe=kauk Kku nsr vls rs ç’uksRrj i/nrhus- ,dk ç’ukps mRrj feGkY;kuarjp nqljk ç’u fopkjyk tkbZ- lkWØsfVlus vkiY;k f’k”;kauk d/khgh dks.krsgh Kku ,dne fnysys ukgh- lkWØsfVlpk f’k”; IysVks ;kus lkWØsfVlus r;kj dsysY;k js[kkRed xf.krkP;k vfHkØekP;k vk/kkjs ,d dks”Vd r;kj dsys gksrs- ijarq R;kosGh R;kyk vfHkØfer vuqns’k fdaok vfHkØfer v/;;u] vlk ‘kCni;ksx >kysyk uOgrk- l/;k th vfHkØfer v/;;ukph dYiuk fodflr >kysyh fnlrs- R;kps Js; flMuh çslh ;kdMs tkrs- flMuh çslhus b- l- 1920 e/;s ,d v/;kiu ;a= r;kj dsys gksrs- ;k ;a=kP;k lgk¸;kus fonîkkF;kZaleksj ,d ç’uif=dk nk[koyh tkr vls- ek= ,dk osGh ç’uif=dsrhy loZ ç’u u nk[kfork ,dkosGh dsoG ,dp ç’u o R;kP;k mRrjkps pkj i;kZ; nk[kfoys tkr- fonîkkF;kZaus tj ;ksX; i;kZ;h mRrjkph dG nkcyh rjp R;kpk nqljk ç’u nk[kfo.;kr ;sbZ- v’kk çdkjs fonîkkF;kZaph pkp.kh ?ks.;klkBh ;k ;a=kpk mi;ksx djrk ;sr vls-

iq<s 1950 P;k njE;ku ch- ,Q~ fLdujus v/;;ufo”k;d ekul’kkL=h; Hkwfedsrwu vH;kl d:u vkiY;k v/;;ukP;k ckcrhrhy dkjd vfHkla/kkukpk fl/nkar ekaMyk o ;sFkwup [kjk vfHkØfer v/;;ukP;k dYiuspk mn; >kyk Eg.kwu ch- ,Q~- fLdujykp vfHkØfer v/;;ukpk mn~xkrk EgVys ikfgts-  

vfHkØfed v/;;u gh dYiuk ik’pkR; jk”VkadMwu vkiY;kdMs vkyh vkgs- vkfHkØfer gk ‘kCn Programmed ;k ‘kCnklkBh] rj v/;;u gk ‘kCn Learning ;k ‘kCnkyk çfr’kCn Eg.kwu okijyk vkgs- Eg.kwu vki.k vfHkØfer v/;;ukph O;k[;k ikgko;kph rj Programmed, Learning ph O;k[;k ikg.ks vko’;d Bjrs- dkgh BGd O;k[;kapk vki.k ijke”kZ ?ksÅ-

 “Programmed, Learning is a method of describing a reproducible sequence of instructional events of produce measurable and consistent on behavior, of each and every acceptable student”

– Markle Susan Meye

;k O;k[;se/;s vfHkØfed v/;;ukis{kk vfHkØfer vuqns’kkpkp tkLr fopkj dsysyk fnlrks- LVksQsyP;k ers] 

“The arrangement of tiny bits of knowledge in to logical Sequence is called the programme and its process called programmed learning”

– Stofel Fred.

KkukP;k NksVîkk NksVîkk ?kVdkauk ,dk fof’k”V rdkZf/kf”Vr Øekus ekaM.;kpk vfHkØe] rj ;k laiw.kZ çfØ;syk vfHkØfer v/;;u vls Eg.krkr-

;k O;k[;so:u vfHkØfed v/;;ukP;k Lo:ikph dYiuk ;srs- ijarw ;k O;k[;se/;sns[khy çR;{k v/;;ukfØ;sis{kk v/;;u ?kVdkphp ekfgrh feGrs- v/;;ufØ;sps oSf’k”Vs lkax.kkjh O;k[;k Mh- ,y~- dqd ;kauh dsysyh vkgs- R;kuqlkj “Programmed learning is a term sometimes used synonymously to refer to the broader concept of all to instructional method.”

–D. L. Cook

       ;ko:u vki.kkl vls Eg.krk ;sbZy dh] ;ke/;s Lo;av/;;ukoj Hkj vkgs- ;k ojhy loZ O;k[;kapk fopkj djrk] vfHkØfer v/;;ukph [kkyhyçek.ks BGd oSf’k”V;s lkaxrk ;srhy-

1½     v/;;u ?kVd gs vR;ar lw{e vlrkr-

2½     v/;;u ?kVdkaph ekaM.kh rdZ’kq/njhrhus dsysyh vlrs-

3½     gh Lo;av/;;ukph i/nrh vkgs-

;k loZ oSf’k”V;kapk fopkj d:u vfHkØfer v/;;ukph O;k[;k vki.kkl v’kh djrk ;srhy-

       ^^ vfHkØfer v/;;u Eg.kts NksVîkk & NksVîkk v/;;u ?kVdkaph rdZ’kq/n ekaM.kh d:u rh gGqgGq] ijarq Lor%ps Lor% v/;;u dj.;kph fØ;k gks;-**

       vfHkØfer v/;;ukph vk/kkjHkwr rRos y?kqRre ?kVd & th ikBîkoLrw vH;klko;kph vkgs R;kps fo’ys”k.k d:u R;kps vR;ar NksVîkk & NksVîkk ?kVdkar :ikarj d:u r;kiSdh ,dk osGh ,dp ?kVd fon;kF;kZaleksj çLrqr dsyk tkrks- ;k ygku ?kVdkykp Qzse fdaok pkSdV vls lacksf/kys tkrs- gh pkSdV Eg.kts dsoG fo/kku fdaok ,dknhp ladYiuk vlrs-

      Rofjr iMrkGh & ,dk osGh ,dp pkSdV nk[kfoY;kuarj R;kps v/;;u fonîkkFkhZ dj.kkj o fopkjY;k xsysY;k ç’ukaps mRrj euk’kh ns.kkj- R;kus Lor% fuoMysys mRrj cjkscj vkgs fdaok ukgh ;kph R;kl rkcMrksc çphrh ;s.ks vko’;d vlrs- dkj.k R;kus ‘kks/kysys mRrj cjkscj vl.ks Eg.kts R;kP;k iq<hy v/;;uklkBhps çksRlkgu vkgs-

       lØh; çfrlkn & vfHkØfer ekaM.khps gs ,d oSf’k”Vîk vkgs- ;ke/;s çR;sd fonîkkFkhZ dk;ZØe lksMohr vlrkuk fdaok R;kps v/;;u djhr vlrkauk dk;Zjr fdaok d`fr’kkhy jkgrks- ;k fBdk.kh fonîkkF;kZaus dsoG pkSdVh ,dsd Øekus okp.ks ,o<hp ckc visf{kr ukgh] rj çR;sd pkSdV gh v’kh r;kj dsysyh vlrs dh] fonîkkF;kZyk rs ,d vkOgku vlrs-

       Loxrhus çxrh & ;ke/;s çR;sd fonîkkF;kZyk Lora=i.ks dk;ZØe fnysyk vlY;kus çR;sd fonîkkFkhZ dk;ZØe okpwu R;koj fopkj dj.kkj o exp R;koj çfrlkn ns.kkj o rks çfrlkn iMrkGwu ikg.kkj ;k loZ fØ;k fonîkkF;kZaP;k vkdyu{kersoj rlsp R;kP;k vfHk:phoj voyacwu vkgsr- ;sFks çR;sdkyk vkiY;k lofMçek.ks o dqorhuqlkj v/;;u dj.;kph lks; vlrs-

       fonîkkFkhZ pkp.kh & ;ke/;s fonîkkFkhZ ,dnk dk;ZØe lksMor vlrkuk rks tj dksBs pqdyk rj ;kph uksan ?ks.;kr ;srs o rks dk pqdyk ;kpk fopkj d:u dk;ZØekr lq/kkj.kk dj.;kpk ç;Ru dsyk tkrks-

vfHkØfer v/;;ukps çdkj

js”kh; vfHkØe & ;k çdkjP;k vfHkØekpk mn~xkrk fLduj gk gks;- ;k vfHkØekph O;k[;k iq<hyçek.ks dsyh tkrs-

“Liner Programming is a programmed material sequence in which each student proceeds in a straight line through a fixed set of items” ;ko:u vki.kkl vls Eg.krk ;sbZy dh] çR;sd fonîkkF;kZyk ,dk foof{kr fn’ksus us.;klkBh v/;;u lkexzhph dsysyh fof’k”V v’kh vfHkØfer jpuk ;k vfHkØekP;k ukoko:up ;kps oSf’k”Vîk y{kkr ;srs- ;k i/nrhP;k vfHkØeke/;s fo”k;oLrwps fo’ys”k.k d:u pkSdVhaph jpuk djrkuk rh brdh vpwdi.ks Øecn~/k dsysyh vlrs dh] ,dk pkSdVhps v/;;u dsys dh]  vkiksvki iq<ph pkSdV dks.krh vlyh ikfgts ;kpk vankt ;srks- ;k pkSdVhP;k lk[kGhrhy ,d pkSdV tjh deh tkLr dsyh rj iq<P;k pkSdVhP;k v/;;ukoj ifj.kke gksrks-

       v'kk çdkjps dk;ZØe r;kj djko;kps vlrhy rj vfHkØe r;kj dj.kkjkyk ikBîkoLrwps fo’ys”k.k d:u çR;sd pkSdVhuarj fonîkkFkhZ dks.kR;k çfrlkn nsrhy] dksBs fonîkkFkhZ pqd.;kph ‘kD;rk vkgs- ;kpk fopkj djkok ykxrks-

js”kh; vfHkØekP;k e;kZnk &

1½     ;k i/nrhus dk;ZØekP;k ekaM.kh dj.ks gs vR;ar ftfdjhps vls dke vkgs- ;klkBh rRoKsph xjt vlrs- loZlkekU; f’k{kdkyk v’kk çdkjps dk;ZØe r;kj dj.ks gs okVrs frrds lksis ukgh-

2½     ;k çdkjkph ekaM.kh dsY;keqGs FkksMîkk’kk fo”k;KkuklkBh vfHkØe Qkj eksBk djkok ykxrks- R;keqGs pkSdVhaph la[;k ok<rs o ;keqGs gq’kkj fonîkkF;kZyk foukdkj.k ;k loZ pkSdVhr okphr iq<s tkos ykxrs o R;keqGs fonîkkFkhZ daVkGwu tk.;kph ‘kD;rk vlrs-

3½     ;k loZ çdkjP;k vfHkØekr lwpdkapk Qkj eksBîkk çek.kkr okij djkok ykxrks o R;keqGs lqpdkaP;k okijkojp ;k dk;ZØekps HkforO; Bjrs-

4½     ;k dk;ZØekph lokZr eksBh e;kZnk Eg.kts v/;;udkR;kZ fonîkkF;kZyk vfHkØe r;kj dj.kkÚ;P;k fopkjkP;k fn’ksusp tkos ykxrs- R;kyk Lora= fopkj dj.;kl dkghgh lks; ;k dk;ZØkr ulrs-

5½     vfHkØe r;kj dj.kkÚ;kus laHkkO; pqdkapk fopkj d:u tjh dk;ZØe r;kj dsysyk vlyk rjh R;krwugh fonîkkF;kZaus vis{ksis{kk uohup pwd dsyh rj dk; djk;ps ;kps mRrj ;k çdkjP;k vfHkØeke/;s ulrs-

‘kk[kh; vfHkØe &

       ;k dk;ZØekpk ç.ksrk vkgs ukWeZu ØkWÅMj ;k dk;ZØeke/;s fonîkkF;kZyk dsoG ,dp fn’kk nk[kfoyh tkr ukgh] rj fofo/k fn’kk nk[kfoY;k tkrkr o R;krwu ;ksX; rh fn’kk fonîkkF;kZus fuoMk;ph vlrs- ;k vfHkØekph fn’kk ,dk js”ksr ulrs] rj gk ekxZ fofo/k ‘kk[kkarwu mn~fn”Vkçr tkr vlrks] Eg.kwup ;kyk ‘kk[kh; vfHkØe vls Eg.krkr- ;k vfHkØeke/;s ,dkp ik;jhe/;s js”kh; vfHkØekP;k ekukus tkLr ekfgrh iqjfoyh tkrs o ‘ksoVh ,d ç’u fnysyk vlrks gk ç’u dsoG iwfrZç’ukçek.ks vlr ukgh] rj ;kps Lo:I cgqi;kZ;h vlrs- ;k fofo/k i;kZ;kaiSdh dks.krkgh i;kZ; fonîkkF;kZaus fuoMyk rjh R;k i;kZ;kae/;s pwd d’kh vkgs gs osxGîkk fBdk.kh lkafxrys tkrs] tj fonîkkF;kZus ;ksX; i;kZ; fuoMyk rjp R;kyk iq<ph ik;jh lkafxryh tkrs- ;ke/;s js”kh; vfHkØekP;k ekukus layxrk deh vlrs dkj.k osxosxGs QkVs QqVr vlY;kus vfHkØeke/;s FkksMklk foLdfGri.kk Tkk.korks-

 ‘kk[kh; vfHkØekP;k e;kZnk%

1½     ‘kk[kh; vfHkØekr vki.k ts fofo/k i;kZ; nsr vlrks R;kiSdhp i;kZ; fonîkkF;kZus fuoMk;pk vls R;koj ca/ku vkgs- Eg.kts ;sFks ns[khy fonîkkF;kZaP;k fopkjkauk Lora«; nsrks gk nkok iw.kkZFkkZus [kjk ukgh-

2½     ;k çdkjP;k vfHkØeke/;s lqlw=rk ulY;kus okprkuk fonîkkF;kZuk daVkGk ;s.;kph ‘kD;rk ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh o vlk daVkGk vkY;koj fonîkkFkhZ vH;kl dj.;kpsp lksMwu ns.;kph ‘kD;rk vkgs-

vojksgh vfHkØe &

;k vfHkØekpk ç.ksrk vkgs- MkW- fxycVZ ;kaP;k O;k[;so:u ;k çdkjP;k vfHkØeke/;s fo’ys”k.k o n`”Vhdj.k ;koj tknk Hkj fnysyk vlY;kps lwfpr gksrs- vojksgh vfHkØe ;k ukoko:u vkiY;k vls y{kkr ;srs dh] ;kaP;ke/;s vl.kkjk vfHkØe gk o:u [kkyh tk.kkjk vlk vkgs- vki.k i`FDdj.k i/nrhuqlkj T;kosGh ,[kkns çes; lksMforks R;kosGh rls myVîkk Øek.ks tkrks R;kl i/nrhus ;sFks ns[khy fo’ys”k.kkpk Øe Bsoysyk vlrks- ,[kknh fØ;k fonîkkF;kZl f’kd;ph vlsy rj R;k fØ;srhy ‘ksoVph ik;jh çFke o ifgyh ik;jh ‘ksoVh ;k Øekus gh fØ;k vfHkØfer dsysyh vlrs- gk vfHkØe iw.kkZdMwu & HkkxkdMs ;k v/;kiulq=k’kh feGrktqGrk vkgs-

,x:y vfHkØe &

;k çdkP;k vfHkØekph jpuk djrkuk çFke mnkgj.ks o uarj fu;e v’kk i/nrhus dsysyh vlrs Eg.kqup ;k vfHkØekyk ,x:y (Egrule) vfHkØe Eg.krkr- Egrule vfHkØe gk Example- Rule ;k ‘kCnkaps laf{kIr :i gks;- Eg.ktsp mn~xkeh & voxkeh i/nrhus dsysyh jpuk gks;-

:y,x vfHkØe & 

vfHkØekP;k ;k jpuse/;s ,x:yP;k fo:n~/k Eg.ktsp fu;e] mnkgj.ks vlk Øe ekaM.khe/;s Bsoysyk vlrks- FkksMD;kr ;sFks lkekU;kdMwu fo’ks”kkdMs ;k v/;kiulw=kpk voyac dsysyk vlrks- vxksnj fu;e lkaxk;pk o uarj mnkgj.ks nsÅu rks fnysY;k fu;ekuqlkj iMrkGwu ikgk;ph v’kk çdkjph jpuk ;k vfHkØeke/;s dsysyh vlrs-

       loZlkekU;i.ks ;k nksu çdkjP;k ekaM.khiSdh ,x:y ekaM.kh vf/kd la;qfDrd o mi;qDr vlrs- ijarw dkgh osGk :y,x ekaM.kh dj.ksns[khy vko’;d Bjrs- ek= fgpk okij e;kZfnr Bso.sp fgrkog-

vfHkØfer v/;;u r;kj djr vlrkuk

f’k{kdkph Hkwfedk

       izFke T;k ikBklkBh fdaok ?kVdklkBh f’k{kdkyk dk;ZØe r;kj djko;kpk vkgs R;k ?kVdkph mn~fn”Vs fuf’pr ykxrkr- gh mn~fn”Vs fuf’pr d:u rh fygwu dk<koh ykxrkr- gh mn~fn”Vs Bjforkuk fon;kF;kZps o; rlsp f’k{kdkyk R;akP;kdMwu visf{kr vlysY;k iwoZKkukpkgh fopkj djkok ykxrks-  rlsp tks ?kVd f’kdok;pk vkgs fdaok T;k ?kVdaklkBh gk dk;ZØe r;kj djko;kpk vkgs] R;k ?kVdkps vR;ar ckjdkbZus o fopkjiwoZd fo’ys”k.k djkos ykxrs- rlsp f’k{kdkyk fon;kF;kZaps izkjafHkd orZu o vafre orZu rikl.;klkBh dks.krh ;kstuk tkLr mi;qDr gksbZy ;kpk fopkj ;sFksp djkok ykxrks-

       dk;ZØe r;kj dj.kkÚ;k f’k{kdkyk T;k fonîkkF;kZlkBh gk dk;ZØe r;kj djko;kpk vkgs- R;kaP;kcn~ny fuf’pr v’kh ekfgrh goh vU;Fkk fonîkkF;kZaph dqor deh ys[kwu dsysys dk;ZØe tls dqpdkeh Bjrkr rlsp fonîkkF;kZaP;k dqorhcn~ny vokLro dYiuk d:u r;kj dsysys d;ZØe vukdyuh; Bjrkr-

       dk;ZØekrhy pkSdVhps ys[ku djhr vlrkuk v/;kiulq=kapk okij dsysyk vl.ks vko’;d vlrs] dk;ZØekps ys[ku gs ,d ‘kkL= vkgs- o ;k ‘kkL=kr ikjaxr v’kh O;Drhp QDr vlk dk;ZØe r;kj d: ‘kdrs- gs ys[ku dj.kkjk ys[kd gk rTK vlkok ykxrks- dk;ZØekrhy pkSdVhph Hkk”kk gh vR;ar lgtlqyHk o fo”k;kyk leiZd v’kh vlk;yk goh rjp R;krhy vk’k; fonîkkF;kZauk Lo;av/;;u djrkuk Li”V gksbZy-

       vfHkØfer ikB vkd”kZd gks.;klkBh vkd`R;k] fp=s okij.;kpk eksg f’k{kdkyk gks.ks vifjgk;Z vkgs ijarq ;kaps çek.k tkLr >kys rj fonîkkF;kZaP;k eukr xksa/kG gks.;kph ‘kD;rk vlrs dkj.k v’kk fp=kaeqGs eqykaps y{k fopfyr gksrs- R;keqGs f’k{kdkus vkd`R;k] fp=s ;kps çek.k deh dj.ks xjtsps vkgs-

       ,dq.k dk;ZØekr uhVusVdsi.kk] lqlw=rk] Øec/nrk o mn~fn”Vkçr tk.;klkBhP;k ekxkZph fuf’prrk ;kojp dk;ZØekph ifj.kkedkjdrk voyacwu vlrs-

       ;k loZ ckch fopkjkr ?ksÅu f’k{kdkus dk;ZØekps laiknu dj.ks visf{kr vlrs-