संकल्पना प्राप्ती प्रतिमान

izkLrkfod

,dnk ,d NksVk eqyxk [ksGrkuk fHkarhoj vkiVyk vkf.k jMk;yk ykxyk- Eg.kw ykxyk] ^^fHkarhyk ekj |k- frus eyk <dywu fnys-** ,sd.kkjs lkjs glys-

      NksV;kaph fHkarhfo’k;d ladYiuk Li’V ulY;kus lthokizek.ks frus <dyys v”kh R;kph letwr >kyh- i.k ,sd.kk&;k ekB;k O;Drhaph futhZo oLrwfo’k;d ladYiuk r;kj >kY;kus R;kauk eqykps mn~xkj xaerhnkj okVys-

      gk eqyxk eksBk gksbZy rlr”kh vuqHkokrwu R;kph futhZo oLrwckcrph ladYiuk Li’V gksr tkbZy- i.k loZp ladYiuk v”kk vuqHkokrwu r;kj gksr ukghr- iq’dG”kk ladYiuk “kkGsr iz;RuiwoZd f”kdokO;k ykxrkr- ;k ladYiuk Eg.kts useds dk;\ ladYiukaps izdkj dks.krs\ O;Drh ladYiuk d”kh izkIr djrs\ ladYiukaps izHkkoh v/;kiu dls djkos\ ;kpk fopkj ;k izdj.kkr vki.k dj.kkj vkgksr-

ladYiuk

euw ;kaP;k ers ^^brj ckcrhr fHkUu vl.kk&;k oLrw] ifjfLFkrh] ?kVukae/khy lkE; O;Dr dj.kkjh izfdz;k Eg.kts ladYiuk**

oLrw] ijhfLFkrh] ?kVukae/khy xq.k/kekZoj vk/kkjhr R;kapk cuoysyk xV Eg.kts ladYiuk- gRrh] llk] gfj.k] EgSl ;kaP;k vkdkjkr] jaxkr vkdkjekukr [kwip Qjd vkgsr- ijarw gs loZ izk.kh ouLihtU; inkFkkZapk vUu Eg.kwu Lohdkj djrkr- ;kp lkE;keqGs ^^”kkdkgkjh izk.kh** ;k xVkr vki.k R;kapk lekos”k djrks-

      ekal u [kkrk dsoG ouLirhaph ikus] QGs] Qqys] xor ;kaps lsou dj.kkjk llk gk izk.kh igkrks rsaOgk rks ^^”kkdkgkjh izk.kh** vkgs vlk vUo; ykorks- ekalkgkjh vFkok feJkgkjh is{kk R;kapk fHkUu xV cuorks- R;kpizek.ks ckgs:u u let.kk&;k xq.k/kekZcn~nygh vki.k vuqeku d: “kdrks dh tj llk gk “kkdkgkjh izk.kh vkgs rj R;kP;k rksaMkrhy nk<k piV;k vlrhy] lwGs ulrhy] ygku vkarMs [kwi tkLr ykac vlsy &&&&& Eg.ktsp fof”k’V mnkgj.kkis{kk R;kph ladYiuk vf/kd O;kid vlrs-

ladYIkukaps ewyHkwr ?kVd] xq.kfo”ks’k

izR;sd oLRkw] O;Drh vFkok ?kVusps vla[; xq.kfo”ks’k vlrkr- dks.krkgh izk.kh fopkjkr ?ksryk rj R;kpk vkdkj] :i] f”kaxs] “ksiwV b- vo;o] izk.;kaps olfrLFkku] vkgkjkph i/nrh] iqu:Riknukpk fo”ks’k v”kk vla[; xq.kfo”ks’kkaph ;knh djrk ;sbZy- oLrwe/;sgh frps ek/;e] vkdkj] jax] iksr] vkdkjeku] ?kM.k vls fofo/k xq.kfo”ks’k vlrkr-

      T;k xq.kfo”ks’kkaP;k vk/kkjs ladYiuk r;kj gksrs] R;k xq.kfo”ks’kkauk ladYiusps ^vko”;d xq.kfo”ks’k fdaok fud’kkRed xq.kfo”ks’k* vls Eg.krkr- rj ;kis{kk vU; xq.kfo”ks’k ladYiusP;k n`’Vhus egRokps ulrkr R;kauk ^vuko”;d xq.kfo”ks’k* Eg.krk ;srs- mnkgj.kkFkZ ek.kwl] maV] oVok?kwG] nsoeklk gs loZ lLru izk.kh vkgsr- lLru izk.kh ;k ladYiusr izk.;kaph eknh fiykauk tUe nsrs gk fud’kkRed fdaok vko”;d xq.kfo”ks’k vkgs- ;k loZ izk.;kaps vkdkj] vkgkj] olrhLFkku gs loZ vuko”;d xq.kfo”ks’k vkgsr- [kqphZ ;k oLrwr ,dk O;Drhyk tehuhiklwu mapkoj ikB Vsdwu cl.;kph lks; vl.ks gk vko”;d xq.kfo”ks’k vkgs- frps ek/;e] ik;kaph la[;k] gkr gs loZ vuko”;d xq.kfo”ks’k vkgsr-

      ladYiuk vkRelkn djrkuk dkghosGk vuko”;d xq.kfo”ks’kkaiSdh dkghauk O;Drh vko”;d xq.kfo”ks’k ekuw ykxrkr] R;krwup pqdhP;k ladYiuk n`< gksrkr-

      [kqphZyk pkj ik; vlrkr fdaok lLruizk.kh dsoG tfeuhojp jkgrkr ;k xSjletqrh ;k laHkzked xq.kfo”ks’kkaeqGs >kysY;k vlrkr-

xq.kfo”ks’k ewY;

tj ladYiuk jax] ykach vkdkj] ?kurk v”kk vko”;d xq.kfo”ks’kkaoj vk/kkfjr vlsy rj R;k xq.kfo”ka’kkaph ewY;lhekgh y{kkr ?;koh ykxrs- lQjpan xksylj o nksUgh cktwauh fdaphr piVs vlrs- dkgh lQjpans nzk{kkabrD;k ygku vkdkjkph fdaok rkacM;k HkksiG;kbrD;k eksB;k vkdkjkph ulrkr- R;keqGs lQjpankP;k vkdkjkps Lohdkj.kh; ewY; foLrkj Bjysyk vlrks- xko o “kgj ;kr loZ xkos o “kgjs ;kaph yksdla[;k leku ulrs- i.k “kgj dasOgk Eg.kkos ;klkBh yksdla[;spk ewY;foLrkj Bjysyk vlrks-

mnkgj.ks &

loZ fud’kkRed xq.kfo”ks’k Lohdkj.kh; ewY;kalg T;k mnkgj.kkr vlrhy rh R;k ladYiusph gksdkjkRed mnkgj.ks vlrkr- tjh ,[kkn;k vko”;d xq.kfo”ks’kkpk vHkko vlsy rjh rs ladYiusps udkjkRed mnkgj.k Bjrs-

layXu dksukae/;s rhu fud’kkRed xq.kfo”ks’k vkgsr &

& nksUgh dksukaph vkjaHkfcanw ,dp

& nksUgh dksukaph ,d Hkwtk lekbZd

& nksUgh dksukaps vkarjHkkx fofHkUu

      ojhyiSdh ,dk xq.kfo”ks’kkpk vHkko vlsy rjhgh rs nksu dksu layXu dksu Bj.kkj ukghr- [kkyhy vkd`rhaps fujh{k.k djk-

dzekad 1] 2 o 3 ;k vkd`rhrhy dksukaP;k tksMhr rhugh fud’kkRed xq.kfo”ks’k vkgsr] R;keqGs rh layXu dksukaph gksdkjkRed vFkok ;ksX; mnkgj.ks vkgsr- ;kmyV dza- 4 P;k dksukaP;k tksMhpk vkjaHkfcanw lkekbZd ukgh- vkd`rh 5 e/;s dksukaps vkarjHkkx fofHkUu ukghr- vkd`rh 6 e/;s nksUgh dksukauk lkekbZd Hkqtk ukgh- Eg.kwu vkd`rh 4]5]6 gh udkjkRed mnkgj.ks vkgsr Eg.ktsp R;kauk layXudksu Eg.krk ;s.kkj ukgh- dkj.k R;kaP;ke/;s vko”;d xq.kfo”ks’kkpk vHkko vkgs-

ladYiusps uko

oLrw] izfdz;k] ?kVuk oxSjsaps lkeku xq.kfo”ks’kkaoj vk/kkfjr oxhZdj.k d:u ,d xV r;kj dsY;koj R;kyk vki.k ts uko nsrks rsp ladYiusps uko vlrs- IkBkj] yksd”kkgh] cgqHkwtkd`rh] fo”ks’k.k] la;qx gh ladYiukaph ukosp vkgsr- uko dsoG ukokpk mYys[k dsyk rjh R;k ladYiusps loZ xq.kfo”ks’k nql&;k O;Drhyk letrkr- Lora= ukos ns.;keqGs ,d ladYiuk nql&;k ladYiusiklwu fHkUu vksG[krk ;srs-

     

egkjk’Vª cQZo`’Vh gksr ulY;keqGs R;krY;k lw{e vFkZNVk O;Dr dj.kkjh ukos ejkBh Hkk’ksr ukghr- oxSjslkBh cQZ gkp “kCn okijyk tkrks- fHkUu ukos miyC/k ulY;keqGs R;k fHkUu ladYiukgh vkiY;kyk letw “kdr ukghr- ,fLdeksaP;k Hkk’ksr lw{e Hksnkauqlkj cQkZlkBh fdR;sd ukos vkgsr-

O;k[;k &

ladYiusps loZ fud’kkRed vFkok vko”;d xq.kfo”ks’k ,df=rfjR;k lkax.kkjs fo/kku Eg.kts ladYiusph O;k[;k gks;- [kkyhy dkgh mnkgj.ks igk &

      ^^gfjrnzO;kP;k lgk¸;kus Lor%ps vUu LoRk% r;kj dj.kk&;k ouLirhauk Lo;aiks’kh ouLirh Eg.krkr-**

      ^^,dkp izrykrhy] ijLijkauk u Nsn.kk&;k js’kkauk lekarj js’kk Eg.krkr-**

      ^^leqnzlikVhiklwu mapkoj vlysyk foLr`r i.k likV Hkkx Eg.kts iBkj gks;-**

      vFkkZr loZp ladYiukaph O;k[;k useD;k “kCnkr ns.ks ek= “kD; gksr ukgh- dkgh ladYiuk O;kid vlrkr rj dkgh vewrZ vlrkr- mnkgj.kkFkZ fo|kihB gh ladYiuk brdh O;kid vkgs dh R;kph O;k[;k] v/;kiu] vH;kldze] inoh ns.;kps vf/kdkj] fu;e] dkekdkti/nrh] fo|kFkhZ] f”k{kd&& v”kk vla[; xq.kfo”ks’kkaph ,df=r FkksMD;kr uksan dj.ks dBh.k vkgs- rlsp dzkUrh gh vewrZ ladYiuk vlwu frP;k xq.kfo”ks’kkackcr laiw.kZ ,dokD;rk ukgh] R;keqGs frph ,deso O;k[;k ns.ks vo?kM vkgs-

      ek= “kkGsr f”kdoY;k tk.kk&;k “kkL=] xf.kr] O;kdj.k b-rhy cgqrsd ladYiukaP;k O;k[;k fnY;k tkrkr o fo|kF;kaZuk ;k O;k[;kaps uhV vkdyu >kys rjp ladYiuk letY;k vls Eg.krk ;srs-

ladYiusps izdkj

xq.kfo”ks’kkaP;k vk/kkjs ladYiukaps vusd izdkjs oxhZdj.k djrk ;srs-

ewRkZ o vewrZ ladYiuk & T;k ladYiusps xq.kfo”ks’k Kkusafnz;kauh fujh{k.;ktksxs vkgsr] rh ewrZ ladYiuk vlrs- orqGZ] iqLrd] la;qDr ikus] njh] jFk] bXyw ;k loZ ewrZ ladYiuk vkgsr-

     

T;k ladYiusps xq.kfo”ks’k Kkusafnz;kauh fujh{k.;ktksxs ulrkr R;k vewrZ ladYiuk vlrkr- jkx] o`Rrh] izkekf.kdi.kk] lkaLd`rhd ;k vewrZ ladYiuk vkgsr- ;k ladYiuk f”kdorkuk R;kps ifj.kkre lkaxkos ykxrhy-

Xkq.kfo”ks’kkaP;k ijLijlaca/kkaP;k vk/kkjs oxhZdj.k & czwuj ;k izdkjs oxhZdj.k djrks-

la;ksxh vFkok la;qDr ladYiuk &

,dkgwu tkLr xq.kfo”ks’kkaP;k la;ksxkus ladYiuk curs- fdVd gh ladYiuk letkowu nsrkuk ikBhpk d.kk ul.ks] “kjhj rhu Hkkxkaps vl.ks] lgk vFkok vkB ik;] laf/kikn v”kk fofo/k xq.k/kekZapk la;ksx djkok ykxsy- cgqfoHkkxh; HkkaMkjs gh ladYiuk lkaxrkuk ,dp bekjr] vusd foHkkx] vusd izdkjpk eky] [kjsnh&fodzh O;OkLFksps dsanzhdj.k ekyfodzh O;frjhDr brj lks;h&lqfo/kk v”kk fofo/k xq.kfo”ks’kkapk lekos”k dsY;k[ksjht ladYiuk iw.kZ gks.kkj ukgh- okGoaVh izns”k ;k ladYiusr okGwus O;kIr tehu] [kwjV;k ouLirh] ik.;kps vR;Yi izek.k vls vusd xq.kfo”ks’k lekfo’V vlrhy-

fu;ksxh vFkok fu;qDr ladYiuk &

;kr dkgh xq.kfo”ks’kkaps vfLrRo vlwu dkgh xq.kfo”ks’kkapk vHkko vlrks- mnkgj.kkFkZ vfdz;k”khy ok;w ;kr vU; ok;qaps loZ xq.k/keZ vlrkr- ijarw brj inkFkkZa”kh jklk;fud la;ksx gks.;kpk xq.kfo”ks’k ulrks- ewG la[;kauk LoRk% [ksjht vU; vo;o ulrks- viq’I ouLirhr Qqykapk vHkko vlrks-

laca/kkRed ladYiuk &

;k ladYiuk nql&;k ,[kk|k ladYius”kh fuxMhr vlrkr- mnkgj.kkFkZ] viR;kf”kok; vkbZ gh ladYiuk Li’V djrk ;s.kkj ukgh- egkcGs”oj mapkojps fBdk.k vkgs- i.k dks.kkis{kk map\ rj leqnzlikVhis{kk mapkoj vkgs- ;kpizdkjs tkM] xksjk] eksBk] ykac] egkx b- ladYiuk nql&;k ,[kk|k ladYiusP;k lgk¸;kus Li’V djrk ;srkr-

ladYiuk izkIrh izfreku

lS/nkfUrd ik”oZHkweh &

tsjkse czwuj o R;kaP;k lgdk&;kauh ladYiukaP;k v/;;uklanHkkZr dsysys iznh?kZ la”kks/ku ‘A Study of thinking’ ;k iqLrdkr lfoLrji.ks fnysys vkgs- R;kr rs Eg.krkr dh] vktwcktwP;k okrkoj.kkrhy izR;sd psrdkph tj vki.k Lora=i.ks uksan ?ksowu R;kyk izfrlkn nsr vlrks rj okrkoj.kkP;k fofo/krsewGs] xaqrkxqarheqGs vkiyh vxnh dBh.k fLFkrh >kyh vlrh ijarw oxhZdj.k vkf.k lkekU;hdj.k dj.;kph tkfrxr vkf.k lkoZf=d izo`Rrh izkIr vlY;keqGs vls gksr ukgh-

     

oxhZdj.kkeqGs vki.k vktwcktwP;k vla[; psrdkaps xV cuorks vkf.k ladYiuk r;kj djrks- ;k laiw.kZ xVkyk vki.k izfrlkn nsrks- ,[kk|k [kksyhr vusd [kqP;kZ] Vscys o ek.kls vkgsr vls vki.k Eg.krks rsaOgk rsFkhy vla[; psrdkaps gs rhu xV vki.k cufoys vkgsr- ladYiukaewGs ifjLFkhPkh xqarkxqar deh gksrs- lkrR;kus v/;;ukph xjt deh gksrs- izR;sd O;Drh vkiY;k laLd`rhuqlkj oxhZdj.kkps xV okijrs- tjh oxhZdj.kkpk vk”k; cnyr vlyk rjh ladYiuk r;kj gksrkuk leku fopkjizfdz;k okijyh tkrs- ladYiuk lk/;k vlksr dh xqarkxarhP;k R;kaP;kr leku ewyHkwr ?kVd vlrkr- ¼;k ewYkHkwr ?kVdkapk fopkj vki.k ;kvk/kh dsysyk vkgs-½

     

O;Drh vkiY;k vktwcktwP;k ?kVuk] oLrw oxSajsps fujh{k.k d:u] lkE; Hksnkapk fopkj d:u] mn~xeu izfdz;k oki:u oLrwaps xV djrs o R;krwu ladYiuk fufeZrh gksrp vlrs-

czwuj ladYiuk

ijarw czwuj ladYiuk fufeZrh o ladYiuk izkIrh ;kr Qjd djrks-

ladYiuk izkIrh Eg.kts ,[kk|k xVkrhy gksdkjkRed

mnkgj.kkaiklwu udkjkRed mnkgj.ks osxGh dj.kkjs fuf”pr

fud’kkRed xq.kfo”ks’k vki.k gksÅu “kks/kwu dk<.;kph izfdz;k-

tsaOgk v/;;udrkZ ,[kknh ladYiuk izkIr dj.;kpk iz;Ru djrks rsaOgk dks.krs xq.kfo”ks’k y{kkr ?;ko;kps o fdrh xq.kfo”ks’k ,dkosGh y{kkr ?;ko;kps ;kckcr rks dkgh fu.kZ; ?ksr vlrks- tj ladYiusckcr O;Drhps rkRiwjrs x`fgrd pqdhps Bjys rj rks x`ghrd cny.;kpk fu.kZ; ?ksrks- v”kkizdkjs ladYiukizkIrh gh vla[; fu.kZ;kaph ,d ekfydkp vlrs- T;k dzekus v/;;udrkZ fu.kZ; ?ksrks R;kyk fopkj dj.;kph i/nrh vls Eg.krk ;srs- czwuj o R;kaP;k lgdk&;kauh  fopkj dj.;kP;k ;k i/nrhaoj la”kks/ku d:u dks.kR;k i/nrh vf/kd izHkkoh Bjrkr ;kcn~ny fu’d’kZ fnysys vkgsr-

      “kkys; f”k{k.kkr vusd ladYiuk fo|kF;kaZuk f”kdkO;k ykxrkr- ladYiuk ;k fopkjizfdz;sph ewyHkwr lk/kus vkgsr- dkj.k ekuoh vUkqHkokaP;k la”ys’k.k&fo”ys’k.kklkBh ladYiukapk mi;ksx gksrks- fo’k;oLrwps vkdyu] laizs’k.k] Lej.k vkf.k ladze.kklkBhgh ladYiuk vko”;d Bjrkr- fo|kF;kZaps fofo/k fo’k;karhy vilaiknu fo|kF;kZaP;k ladYiuk ;ksX; ulY;keqGs >kysys vlrs- v/;kiukr ladYiusph dsoG O;k[;k lkafxryh xsY;kl ladYiusps vkdyu fo|kF;kaZauk gksr ukgh- ladYiusps loZ vko”;d] fud’kkRed xq.kfo”ks’k y{kkr ;s.;klkBh izkIr vuqHkokaoj ekfgrh izfdz;kdj.k d:u vFkZiw.kZ i/nrhus ekfgrhph ekaM.kh djkoh ykxrs- Eg.ktsp ladYiuk izkIrhlkBh iz;Ru djkos ykxrkr-

      ladYiukizkIrhr f”k{kd izR;{kjhR;k] ljG ljG ladYiusph O;k[;k f”kdor ukghr- rj fo|kFkhZ rh izkIr dj.;kpk iz;Ru djrkr- f”k{kdkus ladYiuk vk/khp fuf”pr dsysyh vlrs o R;koj vk/kkfjr gksdkjkRed rlsp udkjkRed mnkgj.ksgh fuf”pr dsysyh vlrkr- R;kaps fujh{k.k d:u izR;sdosGh fo|kFkhZ ladYiuslaca/kh dkgh vankt vFkok x`fgrds r;kj djrks vkf.k iq<hy mnkgj.kkarwu iMrkGk ?ksÅu rh x`fgrds Lohdkjrks fdaok QsVkGrks- ;k iz;Rukr v/;;udrkZ ladYiusps loZ fud’kkRed xq.kfo”ks’k vkRelkn djrks vkf.k R;kvk/kkjs ladYiusph O;k[;kgh cuow “kdrks-

izfrekukph mfn~’Vs

v/;kiuh; ifj.kke	ladYiuk izkIrh izfreku	iksf’kr ifj.kke
1-    ladYiusP;k Lo:ikps vkdyu 2-    fof”k’V ladYiusPkh izkIrh 3-    ladYiuizkIrhp;k pkaxY;k fopkji/nrhaPkh ekfgrh 4-    mn~xkeh fopkj i/nrhpk fodkl		1-      Ik;kZ;h n`’Vhdksukacn~ny tk.kho 2-      rkfdZr vuqekukckcr laosnu{kerk 3-      fofo/krscn~ny lfg’.kwrk

izfrekukps izdkj

ladYiuk izkIrhlkBh ladYiusph gksdkjkRed vkf.k udkjkRed mnkgj.ks lknj dsyh tkrkr- R;k vk/kkjs fo|kFkhZ ladYiusckcrP;k ifjdYiuk ekaMrkr- ;k ifjdYiuk iq<hy mnkgj.kkaP;k lgk¸;kus LohdkjY;k tkrkr vFkok QsVkGY;k tkrkr- ladYiusph gksdkjkRed o udkjkRed mnkgj.ks lknj dj.;kpk dze vkf.k i/nrh ;kuqlkj izfrekukps rhu izdkj iMrkr rs iq<hyizek.ks &

& Lohdkj vfHkeq[k izfreku

& fuoM vfHkeq[k izfreku

& vla?kVhr lkfgR; izfreku  

     

Lohdkj vfHkew[k izfrekukr f”k{kd gksdkjkRed vkf.k udkjkRed mnkgj.ks dzekdzekus ,d&,d ;k izdkjs lknj djrks-  f”kok; lknj dsysY;k mnkgj.kkauk rh gksdkjkRed vkgsr dh udkjkRed ;kaps f”k’kZd fnysys vlrs] vFkok gksdkjkRed @  udkjkRed ;kaiSdh dks.kR;k izdkjps mnkgj.k vkgs gs lkafxrys tkrs- fo|kFkhZ ;k lknj dsY;k tk.kk&;k mnkgj.kkaP;k vk/kkjs ifjdYiuk ekaMwu rh vf/kd mnkgj.kkaP;k lgk¸;kus iMrkGwu ikgrkr- ;k izfrekukr ladYiukaP;k fofo/k gksdkjkRed @ udkjkRed mnkgj.kkaPkk dze yko.ks] R;kaph ;ksX; izdkjs ekaM.kh] rh iwoZfu;ksftr dzek.ks lknj dj.ks ;k loZ ckcrhar f”k{kdkaph egRokph Hkwfedk vlrs- ;kr fo|kF;kZuk mnkgj.k fuoMhps LokRak«; ulrs- dsoG lknj dsYksY;k ekfgrhpk vFkZ yko.ks] ifjdYiuk iMrkG.ks ;klkBh e;kZfnr Lokra«; vlrs-

     

fuoM vfHkeq[k izfrekukr loZ gksdjkRed o udkjkRed mnkgj.ks ,dnep ljfelG d:u lknj dsyh tkrkr- mnkgj.k gksdkjkRed vkgs dh udkjkRed ;kph “kh’kZds fnysyh ulrkr- R;keqGs v/;;u lkfgR; fuoM.ks] ekaM.kh ;kckcr fo|kF;kZaph Hkwfedk egRokph vlrs- fo|kFkhZ vkiY;k ifjdYiuk o fopkji/nrhuqlkj mnkgj.kkaph fuoM djrks Eg.ktsp mnkgj.kkapk dze yofpd vlrks- fo|kF;kZauk mnkgj.kkaph fuoM vkf.k ekfgrhpk vFkZ yko.ks ;k nksUghaps Lokra«; vlY;keqGs vkiY;k ifjdYiukaph Rofjr iMrkG.kh dj.;klkBh tkLrhrtkLr ekfgrh iqjfo.kk&;k mnkgj.kkaph fuoM R;kauk djrk ;srs o ladYiuk yodj izkIr gks.;kph “kD;rk vlrs-

      vla?kVhr lkfgR; izfrekukr lk/kulkexzh fof”k’V dzekus] i/nrhus lknj dsysyh ulrs- Eg.ktsp frljk izdkj nSuafnu thoukr vuqHkok;yk feGrks-

      “kkys; v/;kiukr mi;qDr v”kk ifgY;k nksu izdkjP;k izfrekukapk inca/k vkrk ikgw &

izfrekukapk inca/k @ ik;&;k

ekfgrhps izLrqrhdj.k vkf.k ladYiuk vksG[k.ks &

;k ik;jh lanHkkZr izfreku izdkjkaP;k f”k{kd&fo|kFkhZ vkarjfdz;k Lora=i.ks fnY;k vkgsr-

Lohdkj vfHkeq[k izfreku	fuoM vfHkeq[k izfreku
v½ f”k{kd gks; ukgh v”kh “kh’kZds ykoysyh mnkgj.ks ,dkosGh ,d ;kizek.ks izLrqr djrkr- c½ fo|kFkhZ gksdkjkRed o udkjkRed mnkgj.kkaP;k xq.koSf”k’V;kaph rqyuk djrkr- d½ fo|kFkhZ ladaYiuslaca/kh ifjdYiuk r;kj d:u izLrwr dsY;k tk.kk&;k mnkgj.kkaP;k lgk¸;kus iMrkGrkr- M½ ladYiusps uko f”k{kd lkaxrkr- bZ½ vko”;d xq.kfo”ks’k Yk{kkr ?ksÅu O;k[;k cufo.;kpk iz;Ru fo|kFkhZ djrkr-	v½ f”k{kd dks.krsgh “kh’kZd ul.kkjh loZ mnkgj.ks ,dne fo|kF;kZaleksj izLrwr djrkr- c½ fo|kFkhZ R;k mnkgj.kkaiSdh o izlaxh LoRk%ph dkgh mnkgj.ks “kks/k.;kpk iz;Ru djrkr- d½ fo|kFkhZ ifjdYiuk r;kj d:u R;kaph iMrkG.kh djrkr- M½ ladYiusps uko f”k{kd lkaxrkr- bZ½ vko”;d xq.kfo”ks’k Yk{kkr ?ksowu O;k[;k cufo.;kpk iz;Ru fo|kFkhZ djrkr-

ladYiuk izkIRkhph ijh{kk

·       fo|kFkhZ “kh’kZd u ykoysyh vf/kd mnkgj.ks gksdjkRed vkgsr dh udkjkRed gs vksG[krkr-

·       fo|kFkhZ LoRk%ph uoh mnkgj.ks lqpforkr-

fopkji/nrhps fo”ys’k.k &

v½ fo|kFkhZ vkiY;k fopkjizfdz;sps o.kZu djrkr-

c½ xq.kfo”ks’k vkf.k ifjdYiukaP;k useD;k Hkwfedsckcr ppkZ djrkr-

d½ ifjdYiukaps izdkj vkf.k la[;k ;kckcr ppkZ djrkr-

M½ f”k{kd fopkji/nrhaps ewY;ekiu djrkr-

      fopkj i/nrhP;k fo”ys’k.kkr ladYiuk izkIrhuarj f”k{kd fo|kF;kaZuk iz”u fopkjrkr- mnkgj.kkFkZ &

Ø & ifgys gksdkjkRed] udkjkRed mnkgj.k ikfgY;koj R;kps dks.krs

xq.kfo”ks’k Yk{kkr ?ksrys\

Ø & ;k xq.kfo”ks’kkaP;k vk/kkjs izFke ladYiuscn~nyph dks.krh ifjdYiuk

eukr r;kj >kyh gksrh\

Ø & gh ifjdYiuk d”kh iMrkGyh\

Ø & ifjdYiuk cnykoh ykxyh dk\ dks.kR;k mnkgj.kkeqGs ifjdYiuk cnykoh ykxyh\

Ø & ifjdYiuk pqdhPkh vlY;kl R;krhy fopkjkrhy dks.krh =qVh Yk{kkr vkyh\

Ø & brjkaps vUkqHko ,sdY;koj fopkji/nrhckcr uos dk; letys\

Lkekftd O;oLFkk

ladYiuk izkIrh izfreku okij.;kiwohZ f”k{kdkyk ladYiusph fuoM djkoh ykxrs- izFkeRk% rh ladYiuk vkgs fdaok ukgh gs iMrkGwu igkos ykxrs- ,[kkns fof”k’V mnkgj.k Eg.kts ladYiuk vkgs fadaok ukgh gs iMrkGwu igkos ykxrs- ,[kkns fof”k’V mnkgj.k Eg.kts ladYiuk uOgs- mnkg.kkFkZ vfer gs ,dk eqykps uko vkgs- vfer gh ladYiuk ukgh- eqyxk ;k ladYiusps rs mnkgj.k vkgs- rlsp ,[kknh ?kVuk HkwrdkGkr vFkok orZekudkGkr ,dnkp ?kMrs- ijarw ;k ,dk ?kVusP;k vk/kkjs vkiY;kyk vankt cka/krk ;sr ukgh] ufou vuqeku dk<rk ;sr ukgh- mnkgj.kkFkZ 1947 lkyh Hkkjr Lora= >kyk gh oLrwfLFkrh >kyh- rh ladYiuk ukgh-

      ladYiusP;k fuoMhuarj v/;iuklkBh v/;;u lkfgR; teokos ykxsy- R;kr oLrw] fp=s] vkd`rh vFkok “kkfCnd etdqjkP;k Lo:ikr gkdkjkFkhZ o udkjkFkhZ mnkgj.ks teokoh ykxrkr- lk/kkj.kr% 6 rs 8 gkdkjkRed o frrdhp udkjkRed mnkgj.ks vl.ks mi;qDr Bjrs- gksdkjkRed loZ mnkgj.kkr fud’kkRed v”kk loZ xq.kfo”ks’kkapk lekos”k vlyk ikfgts- ek= loZ mnkgj.ks ,dlkj[kh u ?ksrk R;krhy vU; xq.kfo”ks’kkr Qjd vlkok R;keqGs vko”;d o vuko”;d xq.kfo”ks’k “kks/k.;kpk ljko fo|kF;kZauk nsrk ;srks-

      udkjkRed mnkgj.ks r;kj djrkuk R;kr ,d vFkok vf/kd xq.kfo”ks’kkapk vHkko vlyk ikfgts- ladYiusr 3&4 vko”;d fud’kkRed xq.kfo”ks’k lekfo’V vlrhy rj izR;sd mnkgj.kkr fHkUu&fHkUu xq.kfo”ks’kkapk vHkko Bsokok- R;keqGs loZ fud’kkRed xq.kfo”ks’k Yk{kkr ;s.;kl enr gksrs- rlsp udkjkRed o gksdkjkRed mnkgj.kkr laHkzked xq.kfo”ks’k ;srhy ;kps iz;Ru djkosr-

      ^fuoM vfHkeqq[k izfreku* okijk;ps vlsy rj loZ mnkgj.ks ,dne lknj dj.;kP;k n`’Vhus vko”;d O;oLFkk djkoh ykxsy- rj Lohdkj vfHkeq[k izfreku okijrkuk gksdkjkRed o udkjkRed mnkgj.ks lknj dj.;kpk dze fuf”pr djkok ykxsy-

      mnkgj.kkaP;k izLrqrhuarj f”k{kdkph Hkqfedk eq[;Rk% fujh{kdkph vkgs- fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; fn”ksus fopkj djrkuk uk gs igkos- t:j okVY;kl ;ksX; fn”kslkBh lqpdkapk mi;ksx djkok- vko”;drk okVY;kl vf/kd mnkgj.ks ns.;kph r;kjh goh-

ladYiukizkIrh izfrekukps oxkZ/;kiukr mi;kstu

      ;k izfrekukpk mi;ksx oxkZ/;kiukr vusd gsrwalkBh djrk ;srks- fof”k’V uohu ladYiuk f”kdo.;klkBh mi;ksx gksrksp- R;kpcjkscj dkghosGk ladYiusps uko o ,[kkns mnkgj.k fo|kF;kZauk ifjphr vlsy rjh xq.kfo”ks’k ;ksX; izdkjs ekfgr ulrkr- v”kkosGh udkjkRed mnkgj.kkapk mi;ksx d:u o fHkUu gksdkjkRed mnkgj.ks oki:u rs xq.kfo”ks’k y{kkr vk.kwu nsrk ;srkr- dkghosGk ladYiuk f”kdo.ks ;kcjkscjp mn~xkeh i/nrhus fopkj djk;yk f”kdo.ks] lkE;&Hksn “kks/kk;yk f”kdfo.ks gk gsrw vlsy rj eqykaP;k fopkjizfdz;sP;k i`FkDdj.kkP;k ppsZoj Hkj nsrk ;srks-

      ladYiuk izkIrh izfreku loZ o;kP;k fo|kF;kZadfjrk mi;qDr B: “kdsy- QDr ladYiusPkk vk”k;] IkzLrwr dj.;kP;k mnkgj.kkaps Lo:I cnysy- mnkgj.kkFkZ vxnh iqoZizkFkehd voLFksrhy fo|kF;kaZuk lq/nk izR;{k oLrw o d`rhaP;k lgk¸;kus rjax.kkjs inkFkZ] xksy] Hkkth ;k lkj[;k ladYiuk f”kdork ;srhy- izkFkfed “kkGsr Hkwferhy izkFkfed vkdkj] lela[;k] typj] cksV ;kalkj[;k ladYiuk vkd`rh @ d`rh ;kvk/kkjs f”kdork ;srhy-

      dkgh ladYiuk Qkj xqarkxqarhP;k vkf.k xq.kfo”ks’kkaph fuf”prh ul.kk&;k vlrkr- yksd”kkgh] lektokn] dzkUrh] dRkZO;] /keZ v”kklkj[;k ladYiuklanHkkZr fHkUu O;Drhauh ykoysyh fHkUu vFkZ] R;k lanHkkZrys izlax v”kh o.kZukRed mnkgj.ks leksj Bso.ks vko”;d Bjsy-

      izfreku oxkZr okij.;kiqohZ fo|kF;kZauk izFke ladYiusP;k Lo:ikfo’k;hph rlsp fo|kF;kZadMwu visf{kr d`rhaph ekfgrh |koh ykxsy o R;kapk FkksMk ljko d:u ?;kok ykxsy- [kkyh ,d uewuk mnkgj.k fnysys vkgs %&

      ^^rqEgh la[;k fdaok oLrw eukr /k:u rqeP;k fe=eSf=.khauk rh vksG[kk;ph vlk [ksG [ksGyk vlky- vkt eh rqEgkayk ,d ;knh dzekus nk[ko.kkj vkgs- rh izk.;kaph ;knh dkGthiqoZd okpk- R;krhy gksdkjkRed mnkgj.ks ;k[kkyh fyfgysY;k izk.;kae/;s dkgh fof”k’V lkj[ksi.kk vlsy tks udkjkRed mnkgj.kkr vl.kkj ukgh- eh dks.krk lkj[ksi.kk eukr /kjyk gs rqEgh “kks/kk;ps vkgs- rqeps vankt uksanor tk o iq<P;k lknj dsYksY;k mnkgj.kkaP;k lgk¸;kus rs iMrkGk- rqaEgkyk [kk=h >kY;koj eyk vankt lkaxk-**

lknj dsysyh      gksdkjkRed mnkgj.ks    udkjkRed mnkgj.ks

1-    xk;                  flag 

2-    “ksGh                 lki

3-    ?kksMk                 dksYgk

4-    dq=k                 vLoy

5-    xk<o                ftjkQ

6-    ekatj                 ykaMxk

fo|kFkhZ izFker% “kkdkgkjh] lqGs ul.kkjs izk.kh] fgaL= ul.kkjs] mi;qDr] nq/k ns.kkjs] oxSjs o ikGho vkgsr v”kk ifjdYiuk lqpor tkrkr- iq<P;k iq<P;k mnkgj.kkrwu vk/khP;k ifjdYiuk deh gksr tkÅu gksdkjkRed xVkrhy izk.kh ikGho vkgsr ;k fu’d’kkZi;Zar fo|kFkhZ ;srkr- R;kuarj fo|kF;kZaps y{k os/kk gh gksdkjkRed xVkps gs loZ izk.kh jax] vkdkj] maph] vkgkj] ekuokyk gks.kkjs mi;ksx ;k n`’Vhdksujrwu [kwi fHkUu vkgsr- rjhgh ikGho izk.kh ;k ,dk lkj[ksi.kkP;k vk/kkjs vki.k R;kapk ,d xV cuoyk- v”kkizdkjs fHkUu oLrwrys lkE; “kks/k.;kph ekufld izfdz;k Eg.kts ladYiuk “kks/k.ks-